{"id":799,"date":"2021-08-17T14:06:22","date_gmt":"2021-08-17T14:06:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/engoo.com\/blog\/?p=799"},"modified":"2021-08-20T06:03:00","modified_gmt":"2021-08-20T06:03:00","slug":"when-english-speakers-actually-say-whom","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/engoo.com\/blog\/language-tips\/when-english-speakers-actually-say-whom\/","title":{"rendered":"When English Speakers Actually Say \"Whom\""},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_80 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/engoo.com\/blog\/language-tips\/when-english-speakers-actually-say-whom\/#1_Quantity_Word_%E2%80%9COf_Whom%E2%80%9D\" >1. Quantity Word + \u201cOf Whom\u201d<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/engoo.com\/blog\/language-tips\/when-english-speakers-actually-say-whom\/#2_Preposition_%E2%80%9CWhom%E2%80%9D\" >2. Preposition + \u201cWhom\u201d<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/engoo.com\/blog\/language-tips\/when-english-speakers-actually-say-whom\/#3_%E2%80%9CTo_Whom_It_May_Concern%E2%80%9D\" >3. \u201cTo Whom It May Concern\u201d<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/engoo.com\/blog\/language-tips\/when-english-speakers-actually-say-whom\/#%E2%80%9CWhom%E2%80%9D_or_%E2%80%9CWho%E2%80%9D\" >\u201cWhom\u201d or \u201cWho\u201d?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/engoo.com\/blog\/language-tips\/when-english-speakers-actually-say-whom\/#1_Quantity_%E2%80%9COf_Whom%E2%80%9D\" >1. Quantity + \u201cOf Whom\u201d<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/engoo.com\/blog\/language-tips\/when-english-speakers-actually-say-whom\/#2_Preposition_%E2%80%9CWhom%E2%80%9D-2\" >2. Preposition + \u201cWhom\u201d<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/engoo.com\/blog\/language-tips\/when-english-speakers-actually-say-whom\/#Final_Word_of_Advice\" >Final Word of Advice<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p>\u201cWhom.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It\u2019s one of those things you learned in English class but rarely hear in real life. Yet, just when you least expect it, \u201cwhom\u201d appears out of nowhere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When and why do people say \u201cwhom\u201d? Using data on spoken and written English, we\u2019ll show when English speakers most often use it \u2013 even in informal settings \u2013 and when you might want to consider using it too.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Quantity_Word_%E2%80%9COf_Whom%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>1. Quantity Word + \u201cOf Whom\u201d<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Based on our research, \u201cwhom\u201d is most often used in phrases like \u201call of whom,\u201d \u201ceach of whom,\u201d \u201ceither of whom,\u201d etc. Here are some examples of this from our <a href=\"http:\/\/engoo.com\/app\/daily-news\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">news site<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>A study on video games \u201clooked at 3,274 people, <strong>all of whom<\/strong> were over 18 years old.\u201d<\/li><li>\u201cThe Faroe Islands are home to 50,000 people, <strong>most of whom<\/strong> live in Torshavn, the capital city.\u201d<\/li><li>A giraffe named \u201cForest\u201d is \u201cmuch taller than the two other giraffes at the zoo, <strong>both of whom<\/strong> are female.\u201d<\/li><li>A woman in Poland gave birth to six babies, \u201c<strong>four of whom<\/strong> are girls.\u201d<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>But how do we know that this is the most common usage ? Well, we searched through this <a href=\"https:\/\/www.english-corpora.org\/coca\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">library of American English<\/a> from the past twenty years and found that \u201cof\u201d is, by far, the word that most often appears next to \u201cwhom.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"633\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.blog.engoo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/08\/17135841\/image-1024x633.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-800\" title=\"Points scored\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.blog.engoo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/08\/17135841\/image-1024x633.png 1024w, https:\/\/assets.blog.engoo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/08\/17135841\/image-300x186.png 300w, https:\/\/assets.blog.engoo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/08\/17135841\/image-768x475.png 768w, https:\/\/assets.blog.engoo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/08\/17135841\/image.png 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Then, we looked at examples from that library and also around the web and found that, most of the time, the prepositional phrase \u201cof whom\u201d came after a quantity-related word.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The cool thing is, \u201c[quantity] + of whom\u201d is also quite common in informal speech. For example, we searched through this <a href=\"https:\/\/www.english-corpora.org\/tv\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">library of TV show scripts<\/a> from the six English-speaking countries, and found nearly 1200 instances of \u201cof whom,\u201d most of which come after a quantity-related word. Here are two examples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>I have three sons, <strong>each of whom<\/strong> is the center of his own universe. (<em>Home Improvement<\/em>)<\/li><li>He just wants to do a good job, unlike these two, <strong>one of whom<\/strong> forgot to wear shoes. (<em>Man Up!<\/em>)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>So when you hear someone say \u201cwhom,\u201d chances are, they\u2019re using it in the structure \u201c[quantity] + of whom\u201d!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Preposition_%E2%80%9CWhom%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>2. Preposition + \u201cWhom\u201d<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The second most common way \u201cwhom\u201d is used is with prepositions in general. If you look back at the chart above, you\u2019ll notice that besides \u201cof,\u201d there are other prepositions, such as \u201cwith,\u201d \u201cto,\u201d and \u201cfor.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This isn\u2019t a coincidence. These days, \u201cwhom\u201d is almost always used after a preposition. In fact, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/455600\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">a study<\/a> found that American college students were likely to use \u201cwhom\u201d after prepositions even when it was grammatically incorrect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here are some examples from the internal emails of a US company (made public after a scandal):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Please let me know <strong>with whom<\/strong> I should work to gather this information.<\/li><li><strong>To whom<\/strong> should Ken send this letter?<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c[Preposition] + whom\u201d is used in formal and informal English. For example, below are some people having an informal conversation about creativity. You\u2019ll notice one of them uses the phrase \u201cwith whom\u201d:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<div class=\"video-responsive\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Creative Control | Reggie Watts &amp; Benjamin Dickinson | Talks at Google\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Y0Opm4-jHmw?start=2243&feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_%E2%80%9CTo_Whom_It_May_Concern%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>3. \u201cTo Whom It May Concern\u201d<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, a specific instance of \u201c[preposition] + whom\u201d that we should mention is the formal greeting, \u201cTo whom it may concern.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This expression means \u201cTo whoever might care about this message,\u201d and is used at the start of emails and letters. For example, if you are applying for a job and don\u2019t know know the name of the recipient, you can use \u201cTo whom it may concern.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Interestingly, this phrase has taken on a new life on the internet, where it has become a way to greet strangers online before telling them something they might not want to hear. The expression has even become an acronym: \u201cTWIMC.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<center><blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\"><p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">TWIMC: If you don't have anything constructive to say, you might want to check yourself. Your words are a reflection of your character. They can make you appear shades of beautiful or shades of ugly; you choose. <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/cx4V5zoHUP\">pic.twitter.com\/cx4V5zoHUP<\/a><\/p>\u2014 Alwaysshinethelight (@Alwaysshinethe1) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/Alwaysshinethe1\/status\/1126837057324748801?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">May 10, 2019<\/a><\/blockquote> <script async=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/center>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CWhom%E2%80%9D_or_%E2%80%9CWho%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>\u201cWhom\u201d or \u201cWho\u201d?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>So far, we\u2019ve covered three common situations where English speakers actually use the word \u201cwhom.\u201d You might be wondering if it\u2019s possible to replace \u201cwhom\u201d with \u201cwho\u201d in these cases.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In \u201cTo whom it may concern,\u201d replacing \u201cwhom\u201d with \u201cwho\u201d would sound unnatural, since the phrase is a fixed expression. But what about in the other two cases?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Quantity_%E2%80%9COf_Whom%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>1. Quantity + \u201cOf Whom\u201d<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWhom\u201d in this case cannot be replaced with \u201cwho.\u201d In fact, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lexico.com\/grammar\/who-or-whom#:~:text=Obligatory%20whom,Avoid\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lexico.com<\/a> (a website run by Oxford University Press) calls this the \u201cobligatory whom.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2715 I have three sons, <strong>each of who<\/strong> is the center of his own universe.<br>\u2715 A woman in Poland gave birth to six babies, <strong>four of who<\/strong> were girls.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, \u201cwhom\u201d here can be replaced with another word \u2013 \u201cthem\u201d \u2013 as long as the rest of the sentence is rephrased without the verb \u201cto be.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>I have three sons, <strong>each of them<\/strong> the center of his own universe.<\/li><li>A woman in Poland gave birth to six babies, <strong>four of them<\/strong> girls.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Preposition_%E2%80%9CWhom%E2%80%9D-2\"><\/span>2. Preposition + \u201cWhom\u201d<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Sentences that use the \u201c[preposition] + whom\u201d structure can be rephrased with \u201cwho\u201d as long as the preposition is moved after the verb (or the object of the verb).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Please let me know <strong>who<\/strong> I should work <strong>with<\/strong> to gather this information.<\/li><li><strong>Who<\/strong> should Ken send this letter <strong>to<\/strong>?<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In fact, \u201cwho \u2026 [preposition]\u201d is more common than its whom counterpart in both informal and formal English. However, \u201c[preposition] + whom\u201d is still often used in informal contexts, because, well, English speakers sometimes think it flows better!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Final_Word_of_Advice\"><\/span>Final Word of Advice<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>We hope you now have a better idea of when the word \u201cwhom\u201d is actually used. As a final tip, just remember that \u201cwhom\u201d is almost always used after a preposition in modern English.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Do you want to practice having formal discussions in English? Or want someone to check an email you\u2019ve written in English? <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/engoo.com\" target=\"_blank\">Sign up for an Engoo account<\/a> and get one free lesson with a tutor of your choice.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cWhom.\u201d&nbsp; It\u2019s one of those things you learned in English class but rarely hear in real life. Yet, just when you least expect it, \u201cwhom\u201d appears out of nowhere. When and why do people say...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":160,"featured_media":804,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"unified_meta_tagline_field":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-799","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-language-tips"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>When English Speakers Actually Say &quot;Whom&quot;<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Using data on real&#x2d;life English, we\u2019ll give you an inside view of how and when English speakers actually use the word \u201cwhom\u201d so you\u2019ll know when to use it too.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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